Android中的消息处理机制大量依赖于Handler。每一个Handler都有对应的Looper，用于不断地从对应的MessageQueue中取出消息处理。
1直以来，觉得MessageQueue应当是Java层的抽象，但是事实上MessageQueue的主要部份在Native层中。
自己对MessageQueue在Native层的工作不太熟习，借此机会分析1下。
1、MessageQueue的创建
当需要使用Looper时，我们会调用Looper的prepare函数：
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
//sThreadLocal为线程本地存储区；每一个线程唯一1个Looper
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
//创建出MessageQueue
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}1 NativeMessageQueue
我们看看MessageQueue的构造函数：
MessageQueue(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQuitAllowed = quitAllowed;
//mPtr的类型为long？
mPtr = nativeInit();
}MessageQueue的构造函数中就调用了native函数，我们看看android_os_MessageQueue.cpp中的实现：
static jlong android_os_MessageQueue_nativeInit(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
//MessageQueue的Native层实体
NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = new NativeMessageQueue();
............
//这里应当类似与将指针转化成long类型，放在Java层保存；估计Java层使用时，会在native层将long变成指针，就能够操作队列了
return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(nativeMessageQueue);
}我们跟进NativeMessageQueue的构造函数：
NativeMessageQueue::NativeMessageQueue() :
mPollEnv(NULL), mPollObj(NULL), mExceptionObj(NULL) {
//创建1个Native层的Looper，也是线程唯1的
mLooper = Looper::getForThread();
if (mLooper == NULL) {
mLooper = new Looper(false);
Looper::setForThread(mLooper);
}
}从代码来看，Native层和Java层均有Looper对象，应当都是操作MessageQueue的。MessageQueue在Java层和Native层有各自的存储结构，分别存储Java层和Native层的消息。
2 Native层的looper
我们看看Native层looper的构造函数：
Looper::Looper(bool allowNonCallbacks) :
mAllowNonCallbacks(allowNonCallbacks), mSendingMessage(false),
mPolling(false), mEpollFd(-1), mEpollRebuildRequired(false),
mNextRequestSeq(0), mResponseIndex(0), mNextMessageUptime(LLONG_MAX) {
//此处创建了个fd
mWakeEventFd = eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC);
.......
rebuildEpollLocked();
}在native层中，MessageQueue中的Looper初始化时，还调用了rebuildEpollLocked函数，我们跟进1下：
void Looper::rebuildEpollLocked() {
// Close old epoll instance if we have one.
if (mEpollFd >= 0) {
close(mEpollFd);
}
// Allocate the new epoll instance and register the wake pipe.
mEpollFd = epoll_create(EPOLL_SIZE_HINT);
............
struct epoll_event eventItem;
memset(& eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
eventItem.events = EPOLLIN;
eventItem.data.fd = mWakeEventFd;
//在mEpollFd上监听mWakeEventFd上是不是有数据到来
int result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeEventFd, & eventItem);
...........
for (size_t i = 0; i < mRequests.size(); i++) {
const Request& request = mRequests.valueAt(i);
struct epoll_event eventItem;
request.initEventItem(&eventItem);
//监听request对应fd上数据的到来
int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, request.fd, & eventItem);
............
}
}从native层的looper来看，我们知道Native层依赖于epoll来驱动事件处理。此处我们先保存1下大致的映像，后文详细分析。
2、使用MessageQueue
1 写入消息
Android中既可以在Java层向MessageQueue写入消息，也能够在Native层向MessageQueue写入消息。我们分别看1下对应的操作流程。
1.1 Java层写入消息
Java层向MessageQueue写入消息，依赖于enqueueMessage函数：
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
.....
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
//在头部插入数据，如果之前MessageQueue是阻塞的，那末现在需要唤醒
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
//不是第1个异步消息时，needWake置为false
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true；
}上述代码比较简单，主要就是将新加入的Message按履行时间插入到原本的队列中，然后根据情况调用nativeAwake函数。
我们跟进1下nativeAwake：
void NativeMessageQueue::wake() {
mLooper->wake();
}
void Looper::wake() {
uint64_t inc = 1;
//就是向mWakeEventFd写入数据
ssize_t nWrite = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(mWakeEventFd, &inc, sizeof(uint64_t)));
.............
}在native层的looper初始化时，我们提到过native层的looper将利用epoll来驱动事件，其中构造出的epoll句柄就监听了mWakeEventFd。
实际上从MessageQueue中取出数据时，若没有数据到来，就会利用epoll进行等待；因此当Java层写入消息时，将会将唤醒处于等待状态的MessageQueue。
在后文介绍从MessageQueue中提取消息时，将再次分析这个问题。
1.2 Native层写入消息
Native层写入消息，依赖于Native层looper的sendMessage函数：
void Looper::sendMessage(const sp<MessageHandler>& handler, const Message& message) {
nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
sendMessageAtTime(now, handler, message);
}
void Looper::sendMessageAtTime(nsecs_t uptime, const sp<MessageHandler>& handler,
const Message& message) {
size_t i = 0;
{
AutoMutex _l(mLock);
//一样需要按时间插入
size_t messageCount = mMessageEnvelopes.size();
while (i < messageCount && uptime >= mMessageEnvelopes.itemAt(i).uptime) {
i += 1;
}
//将message包装成1个MessageEnvelope对象
MessageEnvelope messageEnvelope(uptime, handler, message);
mMessageEnvelopes.insertAt(messageEnvelope, i, 1);
// Optimization: If the Looper is currently sending a message, then we can skip
// the call to wake() because the next thing the Looper will do after processing
// messages is to decide when the next wakeup time should be. In fact, it does
// not even matter whether this code is running on the Looper thread.
if (mSendingMessage) {
return;
}
}
// Wake the poll loop only when we enqueue a new message at the head.
if (i == 0) {
//若插入在队列头部，一样利用wake函数触发epoll唤醒
wake();
}
}以上就是向MessageQueue中加入消息的主要流程，接下来我们看看从MessageQueue中取出消息的流程。
2、提取消息
当Java层的Looper对象调用loop函数时，就开始使用MessageQueue提取消息了：
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
.......
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
.......
try {
//调用Message的处理函数进行处理
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
}........
}
}此处我们看看MessageQueue的next函数：
Message next() {
//mPtr保存了NativeMessageQueue的指针
final long ptr = mPtr;
.......
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // ⑴ only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
//会调用Native函数，终究调用IPCThread的talkWithDriver，将数据写入Binder驱动或读取1次数据
//不知道在此处进行这个操作的理由？
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
//处理native层的数据，此处会利用epoll进行blocked
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
//下面其实就是找出下1个异步处理类型的消息；异步处理类型的消息，才含有对应的履行函数
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
//完成next记录的存储
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
//MessageQueue中引入了IdleHandler接口，即当MessageQueue没有数据处理时，调用IdleHandler进行1些工作
//pendingIdleHandlerCount表示待处理的IdleHandler，初始为⑴
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
//mIdleHandlers的size默许为0，调用接口addIdleHandler才能增加
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
//将待处理的IdleHandler加入到PendingIdleHandlers中
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
//调用ArrayList.toArray(T[])节省每次分配的开消；毕竟对Message.Next这样调用频率较高的函数，能省1点就是1点
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
//履行实现类的queueIdle函数，返回值决定是不是继续保存
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
全部提取消息的进程，大致上如上图所示。
可以看到在Java层，Looper除要取出MessageQueue的消息外，还会在队列空闲期履行IdleHandler定义的函数。
2.1 nativePollOnce
现在唯1的疑点是nativePollOnce是如何处理Native层数据的，我们看看对应的native函数：
static void android_os_MessageQueue_nativePollOnce(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj,
jlong ptr, jint timeoutMillis) {
//果然Java层调用native层MessageQueue时，将long类型的ptr变成指针
NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = reinterpret_cast<NativeMessageQueue*>(ptr);
nativeMessageQueue->pollOnce(env, obj, timeoutMillis);
}
void NativeMessageQueue::pollOnce(JNIEnv* env, jobject pollObj, int timeoutMillis) {
mPollEnv = env;
mPollObj = pollObj;
//最后还是进入到Native层looper的pollOnce函数
mLooper->pollOnce(timeoutMillis);
mPollObj = NULL;
mPollEnv = NULL;
if (mExceptionObj) {
.........
}
}看看native层looper的pollOnce函数：
//timeoutMillis为超时等待时间。值为⑴时，表示无穷等待直到有事件到来；值为0时，表示无需等待
//outFd此时为null，含义是：存储产生事件的文件句柄
//outEvents此时为null，含义是：存储outFd上产生了哪些事件，包括可读、可写、毛病和中断
//outData此时为null，含义是：存储上下文数据，其实调用时传入的参数
int Looper::pollOnce(int timeoutMillis, int* outFd, int* outEvents, void** outData) {
int result = 0;
for (;;) {
//处理response，目前我们先不关注response的内含
while (mResponseIndex < mResponses.size()) {
const Response& response = mResponses.itemAt(mResponseIndex++);
int ident = response.request.ident;
if (ident >= 0) {
int fd = response.request.fd;
int events = response.events;
void* data = response.request.data;
if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = fd;
if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = events;
if (outData != NULL) *outData = data;
return ident;
}
}
//根据pollInner的结果，进行操作
if (result != 0) {
if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = 0;
if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = 0;
if (outData != NULL) *outData = NULL;
return result;
}
//主力还是靠pollInner
result = pollInner(timeoutMillis);
}
}跟进1下pollInner函数：
int Looper::pollInner(int timeoutMillis) {
// Adjust the timeout based on when the next message is due.
//timeoutMillis是Java层事件等待事件
//native层保持了native message的等待时间
//此处其实就是选择最小的等待时间
if (timeoutMillis != 0 && mNextMessageUptime != LLONG_MAX) {
nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
int messageTimeoutMillis = toMillisecondTimeoutDelay(now, mNextMessageUptime);
if (messageTimeoutMillis >= 0
&& (timeoutMillis < 0 || messageTimeoutMillis < timeoutMillis)) {
timeoutMillis = messageTimeoutMillis;
}
}
int result = POLL_WAKE;
//pollInner初始就清空response
mResponses.clear();
mResponseIndex = 0;
// We are about to idle.
mPolling = true;
//利用epoll等待mEpollFd监控的句柄上事件到达
struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);
// No longer idling.
mPolling = false;
// Acquire lock.
mLock.lock();
//重新调用rebuildEpollLocked时，将使得epoll句柄能够监听新加入request对应的fd
if (mEpollRebuildRequired) {
mEpollRebuildRequired = false;
rebuildEpollLocked();
goto Done;
}
// Check for poll error.
if (eventCount < 0) {
if (errno == EINTR) {
goto Done;
}
......
result = POLL_ERROR;
goto Done;
}
// Check for poll timeout.
if (eventCount == 0) {
result = POLL_TIMEOUT;
goto Done;
}
for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
if (fd == mWakeEventFd) {
if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
//前面已分析过，当java层或native层有数据写入队列时，将写mWakeEventFd，以触发epoll唤醒
//awoken将读取并清空mWakeEventFd上的数据
awoken();
} else {
.........
}
} else {
//epoll一样监听的request对应的fd
ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
if (requestIndex >= 0) {
int events = 0;
if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) events |= EVENT_INPUT;
if (epollEvents & EPOLLOUT) events |= EVENT_OUTPUT;
if (epollEvents & EPOLLERR) events |= EVENT_ERROR;
if (epollEvents & EPOLLHUP) events |= EVENT_HANGUP;
//存储这个fd对应的response
pushResponse(events, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex));
} else {
..........
}
}
}
Done：
// Invoke pending message callbacks.
mNextMessageUptime = LLONG_MAX;
//处理Native层的Message
while (mMessageEnvelopes.size() != 0) {
nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
const MessageEnvelope& messageEnvelope = mMessageEnvelopes.itemAt(0);
if (messageEnvelope.uptime <= now) {
// Remove the envelope from the list.
// We keep a strong reference to the handler until the call to handleMessage
// finishes. Then we drop it so that the handler can be deleted *before*
// we reacquire our lock.
{
sp<MessageHandler> handler = messageEnvelope.handler;
Message message = messageEnvelope.message;
mMessageEnvelopes.removeAt(0);
mSendingMessage = true;
mLock.unlock();
//处理Native Message
handler->handleMessage(message);
}
mLock.lock();
mSendingMessage = false;
result = POLL_CALLBACK;
} else {
// The last message left at the head of the queue determines the next wakeup time.
mNextMessageUptime = messageEnvelope.uptime;
break;
}
}
// Release lock.
mLock.unlock();
//处理带回调函数的response
for (size_t i = 0; i < mResponses.size(); i++) {
Response& response = mResponses.editItemAt(i);
if (response.request.ident == POLL_CALLBACK) {
int fd = response.request.fd;
int events = response.events;
void* data = response.request.data;
//调用response的callback
int callbackResult = response.request.callback->handleEvent(fd, events, data);
if (callbackResult == 0) {
removeFd(fd, response.request.seq);
}
response.request.callback.clear();
result = POLL_CALLBACK;
}
}
return result;
}
说实话native层的代码写的很乱，该函数的功能比较多。
如上图所示，在nativePollOnce中利用epoll监听是不是有数据到来，然后处理native message、native response。
最后，我们看看如何在native层中加入request。
3 添加监控要求
native层增加request依赖于looper的接口addFd：
//fd表示需要监听的句柄
//ident的含义还没有弄明白
//events表示需要监听的事件，例如EVENT_INPUT、EVENT_OUTPUT、EVENT_ERROR和EVENT_HANGUP中的1个或多个
//callback为事件产生后的回调函数
//data为回调函数对应的参数
int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, Looper_callbackFunc callback, void* data) {
return addFd(fd, ident, events, callback ? new SimpleLooperCallback(callback) : NULL, data);
}结合上文native层轮询队列的操作，我们大致可以知道：addFd的目的，就是让native层的looper监控新加入的fd上是不是有指定事件产生。
如果产生了指定的事件，就利用回调函数及参数构造对应的response。
native层的looper处理response时，就能够履行对应的回调函数了。
看看实际的代码：
int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, const sp<LooperCallback>& callback, void* data) {
........
{
AutoMutex _l(mLock);
//利用参数构造1个request
Request request;
request.fd = fd;
request.ident = ident;
request.events = events;
request.seq = mNextRequestSeq++;
request.callback = callback;
request.data = data;
if (mNextRequestSeq == -1) mNextRequestSeq = 0; // reserve sequence number ⑴
struct epoll_event eventItem;
request.initEventItem(&eventItem);
//判断之前是不是已利用该fd构造过Request
ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
if (requestIndex < 0) {
//mEpollFd新增1个需监听fd
int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, & eventItem);
.......
mRequests.add(fd, request);
} else {
//mEpollFd修改旧的fd对应的监听事件
int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, fd, & eventItem);
if (epollResult < 0) {
if (errno == ENOENT) {
// Tolerate ENOENT because it means that an older file descriptor was
// closed before its callback was unregistered and meanwhile a new
// file descriptor with the same number has been created and is now
// being registered for the first time.
epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, & eventItem);
.......
}
//产生毛病重新加入时，安排EpollRebuildLocked，将让epollFd重新添加1次待监听的fd
scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
}
mRequests.replaceValueAt(requestIndex, request);
}
}
}对加入监控要求的处理，在上文介绍pollInner函数时已做分析，此处不再赘述。
3、总结
1、流程总结
MessageQueue的全部流程包括了Java部份和Native部份，从图中可以看出Native层的比重还是很大的。我们结合上图回想1下全部MessageQueue对应的处理流程：
1、Java层创建Looper对象时，将会创建Java层的MessageQueue；Java层的MessageQueue初始化时，将利用Native函数创建出Native层的MessageQueue。
2、Native层的MessageQueue初始化后，将创建对应的Native Looper对象。Native对象初始化时，将创建对应epollFd和WakeEventFd。其中，epollFd将作为epoll的监听句柄，初始时epollFd仅监听WakeEventFd。
3、图中红色线条为Looper从MessageQueue中取消息时，处理逻辑的流向。
3.1、当Java层的Looper开始循环时，首先需要通过JNI函数调用Native Looper进行pollOnce的操作。
3.2、Native Looper开始运行后，需要等待epollFd被唤醒。当epollFd等待超时或监听的句柄有事件到来，Native Looper就能够开始处理事件了。
3.3、在Native层，Native Looper将先处理Native MessageQueue中的消息，再调用Response对应的回调函数。
3.4、本次循环中，Native层事件处理终了后，才开始处理Java层中MessageQueue的消息。若MessageQueue中没有消息需要处理，并且MessageQueue中存在IdleHandler时，将调用IdleHandler定义的处理函数。
图中蓝色部份为对应的函数调用：
在Java层：
利用MessageQueue的addIdleHandler，可以为MessageQueue增加IdleHandler；
利用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage，可以向MessageQueue增加消息；必要时将利用Native函数向Native层的WakeEventFd写入消息，以唤醒epollFd。
在Native层：
利用looper:sendMessage，可以为Native MessageQueue增加消息；一样，要时将向Native层的WakeEventFd写入消息，以唤醒epollFd；
利用looper:addFd，可以向Native Looper注册监听要求，监听要求包括需监听的fd、监听的事件及对应的回调函数等，监听要求对应的fd将被成为epollFd监听的对象。当被监听的fd产生对应的事件后，将会唤醒epollFd，此时将生成对应response加入的response List中，等待处理。1旦response被处理，就会调用对应的回调函数。
2、注意事项
MessageQueue在Java层和Native层有各自的存储结构，可以分别增加消息。从处理逻辑来看，会优先处理native层的Message，然后处理Native层生成的response，最后才是处理Java层的Message。
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