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RxJava Observer与Subscriber的关系

来源:程序员人生   发布时间:2016-06-21 08:56:32 阅读次数:2317次

在说Observer与Subscriber的关系之前,我们下重温下相干概念。

RxJava 的视察者模式

RxJava 有4个基本概念:Observable (可视察者,即被视察者)、 Observer (视察者)、 subscribe (定阅)、事件。Observable 和 Observer 通过 subscribe() 方法实现定阅关系,从而 Observable 可以在需要的时候发失事件来通知 Observer。

与传统视察者模式不同, RxJava 的事件回调方法除普通事件 onNext() (相当于 onClick() / onEvent())以外,还定义了两个特殊的事件:onCompleted() 和 onError()。

  • onCompleted(): 事件队列完结。RxJava 不但把每一个事件单独处理,还会把它们看作1个队列。RxJava 规定,当不会再有新的 onNext() 发出时,需要触发 onCompleted() 方法作为标志。
  • onError(): 事件队列异常。在事件处理进程中出异常时,onError() 会被触发,同时队列自动终止,不允许再有事件发出。
  • 在1个正确运行的事件序列中, onCompleted() 和 onError() 有且只有1个,并且是事件序列中的最后1个。需要注意的是,onCompleted() 和 onError() 2者也是互斥的,即在队列中调用了其中1个,就不应当再调用另外一个。

RxJava 的视察者模式大致以下图:
这里写图片描述

RxJava的实现

基于以上的概念, RxJava 的基本实现主要有3点:

1) 创建 Observer

Observer 即视察者,它决定事件触发的时候将有怎样的行动。 RxJava 中的 Observer 接口的实现方式:

Observer<Apps> observer = new Observer<Apps>() { @Override public void onCompleted() { listView.onRefreshComplete(); } @Override public void onError(Throwable e) { listView.onRefreshComplete(); } @Override public void onNext(Apps appsList) { listView.onRefreshComplete(); appLists.addAll(appsList.apps); adapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); } };

除 Observer 接口以外,RxJava 还内置了1个实现了 Observer 的抽象类:Subscriber。 Subscriber 对 Observer 接口进行了1些扩大,但他们的基本使用方式是完全1样的:

Subscriber subscriber = new Subscriber<Apps>() { @Override public void onCompleted() { listView.onRefreshComplete(); } @Override public void onError(Throwable e) { listView.onRefreshComplete(); } @Override public void onNext(Apps appsList) { listView.onRefreshComplete(); appLists.addAll(appsList.apps); adapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); } };

不但基本使用方式1样,实质上,在 RxJava 的 subscribe 进程中,Observer 也总是会先被转换成1个 Subscriber 再使用。所以如果你只想使用基本功能,选择 Observer 和 Subscriber 是完全1样的。

Subscriber是Observer的实现类

public abstract class Subscriber<T> implements Observer<T>, Subscription

而onStart()方法是Subscriber中的1个方法。它也属于回调级别的。

subscribe(Subscriber)方法中有以下代码:

// if not already wrapped 包裹1层 if (!(subscriber instanceof SafeSubscriber)) { // assign to `observer` so we return the protected version subscriber = new SafeSubscriber<T>(subscriber); }

他将subscriber包装起来,这个具体甚么意思有待研究,继续下看。

hook.onSubscribeStart(observable, observable.onSubscribe).call(subscriber); return hook.onSubscribeReturn(subscriber);

hook是甚么呢?

private static final RxJavaObservableExecutionHook hook = RxJavaPlugins.getInstance().getObservableExecutionHook();

RxJavaObservableExecutionHook.java源码:

/** * Copyright 2014 Netflix, Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package rx.plugins; import rx.Observable; import rx.Observable.OnSubscribe; import rx.Observable.Operator; import rx.Subscriber; import rx.Subscription; import rx.functions.Func1; /** * Abstract ExecutionHook with invocations at different lifecycle points of {@link Observable} execution with a * default no-op implementation. * <p> * See {@link RxJavaPlugins} or the RxJava GitHub Wiki for information on configuring plugins: * <a href="https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/wiki/Plugins">https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/wiki/Plugins</a>. * <p> * <b>Note on thread-safety and performance:</b> * <p> * A single implementation of this class will be used globally so methods on this class will be invoked * concurrently from multiple threads so all functionality must be thread-safe. * <p> * Methods are also invoked synchronously and will add to execution time of the observable so all behavior * should be fast. If anything time-consuming is to be done it should be spawned asynchronously onto separate * worker threads. * */ public abstract class RxJavaObservableExecutionHook { /** * Invoked during the construction by {@link Observable#create(OnSubscribe)} * <p> * This can be used to decorate or replace the <code>onSubscribe</code> function or just perform extra * logging, metrics and other such things and pass-thru the function. * * @param f * original {@link OnSubscribe}<{@code T}> to be executed * @return {@link OnSubscribe}<{@code T}> function that can be modified, decorated, replaced or just * returned as a pass-thru */ public <T> OnSubscribe<T> onCreate(OnSubscribe<T> f) { return f; } /** * Invoked before {@link Observable#subscribe(rx.Subscriber)} is about to be executed. * <p> * This can be used to decorate or replace the <code>onSubscribe</code> function or just perform extra * logging, metrics and other such things and pass-thru the function. * * @param onSubscribe * original {@link OnSubscribe}<{@code T}> to be executed * @return {@link OnSubscribe}<{@code T}> function that can be modified, decorated, replaced or just * returned as a pass-thru */ public <T> OnSubscribe<T> onSubscribeStart(Observable<? extends T> observableInstance, final OnSubscribe<T> onSubscribe) { // pass-thru by default return onSubscribe; } /** * Invoked after successful execution of {@link Observable#subscribe(rx.Subscriber)} with returned * {@link Subscription}. * <p> * This can be used to decorate or replace the {@link Subscription} instance or just perform extra logging, * metrics and other such things and pass-thru the subscription. * * @param subscription * original {@link Subscription} * @return {@link Subscription} subscription that can be modified, decorated, replaced or just returned as a * pass-thru */ public <T> Subscription onSubscribeReturn(Subscription subscription) { // pass-thru by default return subscription; } /** * Invoked after failed execution of {@link Observable#subscribe(Subscriber)} with thrown Throwable. * <p> * This is <em>not</em> errors emitted via {@link Subscriber#onError(Throwable)} but exceptions thrown when * attempting to subscribe to a {@link Func1}<{@link Subscriber}{@code <T>}, {@link Subscription}>. * * @param e * Throwable thrown by {@link Observable#subscribe(Subscriber)} * @return Throwable that can be decorated, replaced or just returned as a pass-thru */ public <T> Throwable onSubscribeError(Throwable e) { // pass-thru by default return e; } /** * Invoked just as the operator functions is called to bind two operations together into a new * {@link Observable} and the return value is used as the lifted function * <p> * This can be used to decorate or replace the {@link Operator} instance or just perform extra * logging, metrics and other such things and pass-thru the onSubscribe. * * @param lift * original {@link Operator}{@code <R, T>} * @return {@link Operator}{@code <R, T>} function that can be modified, decorated, replaced or just * returned as a pass-thru */ public <T, R> Operator<? extends R, ? super T> onLift(final Operator<? extends R, ? super T> lift) { return lift; } }

RxJavaObservableExecutionHook类的作用很特殊,仿佛没有甚么太大的作用,传进去甚么(类型)参数,返回甚么(类型)参数。

以下代码所示:

public <T> OnSubscribe<T> onCreate(OnSubscribe<T> f) { return f; } public <T> OnSubscribe<T> onSubscribeStart(Observable<? extends T> observableInstance, final OnSubscribe<T> onSubscribe) { // pass-thru by default return onSubscribe; }

至于最后关键的返回结果:

public <T> Subscription onSubscribeReturn(Subscription subscription) { // pass-thru by default return subscription; }

说白了,就是返回定阅的Observer对象。


Observer与Subscriber的区分

它们的区分对使用者来讲主要有两点:

  1. onStart(): 这是 Subscriber 增加的方法。它会在 subscribe 刚开始,而事件还未发送之前被调用,可以用于做1些准备工作,例如数据的清零或重置。这是1个可选方法,默许情况下它的实现为空。需要注意的是,如果对准备工作的线程有要求(例如弹出1个显示进度的对话框,这必须在主线程履行), onStart() 就不适用了,由于它总是在 subscribe 所产生的线程被调用,而不能指定线程。要在指定的线程来做准备工作,可使用 doOnSubscribe() 方法,具体可以在后面的文中看到。
  2. unsubscribe(): 这是 Subscriber 所实现的另外一个接口 Subscription 的方法,用于取消定阅。在这个方法被调用后,Subscriber 将不再接收事件。1般在这个方法调用前,可使用 isUnsubscribed() 先判断1下状态。 unsubscribe() 这个方法很重要,由于在 subscribe() 以后, Observable 会持有 Subscriber 的援用,这个援用如果不能及时被释放,将有内存泄漏的风险。所以最好保持1个原则:要在不再使用的时候尽快在适合的地方(例如 onPause() onStop() 等方法中)调用 unsubscribe() 来消除援用关系,以免内存泄漏的产生。

2) 创建 Observable

Observable 即被视察者,它决定甚么时候触发事件和触发怎样的事件。 RxJava 使用 create() 方法来创建1个 Observable ,并为它定义事件触发规则:

Observable observable = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() { @Override public void call(Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) { subscriber.onNext("Hello"); subscriber.onNext("John"); subscriber.onCompleted(); } });

可以看到,这里传入了1个 OnSubscribe 对象作为参数。OnSubscribe 会被存储在返回的 Observable 对象中,它的作用相当于1个计划表,当 Observable 被定阅的时候,OnSubscribe 的 call() 方法会自动被调用,事件序列就会依照设定顺次触发(对上面的代码,就是视察者Subscriber 将会被调用两次 onNext() 和1次 onCompleted())。这样,由被视察者调用了视察者的回调方法,就实现了由被视察者向视察者的事件传递,即视察者模式。

create() 是 RxJava 最基本的创造事件序列的操作符。基于这个操作符, RxJava 还提供了1些方法用来快捷创建事件队列,详见RxJava操作符系列文章:http://blog.csdn.net/jdsjlzx/article/details/51485861

3) Subscribe (定阅)
创建了 Observable 和 Observer 以后,再用 subscribe() 方法将它们联结起来,整条链子就能够工作了。代码情势很简单:

observable.subscribe(observer); // 或: observable.subscribe(subscriber);

Observable.subscribe(Subscriber) 的内部实现是这样的(仅核心代码):

public final Subscription subscribe(Subscriber<? super T> subscriber) { return Observable.subscribe(subscriber, this); } private static <T> Subscription subscribe(Subscriber<? super T> subscriber, Observable<T> observable) { // validate and proceed if (subscriber == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("observer can not be null"); } if (observable.onSubscribe == null) { throw new IllegalStateException("onSubscribe function can not be null."); /* * the subscribe function can also be overridden but generally that's not the appropriate approach * so I won't mention that in the exception */ } // new Subscriber so onStart it subscriber.onStart(); /* * See https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/issues/216 for discussion on "Guideline 6.4: Protect calls * to user code from within an Observer" */ // if not already wrapped if (!(subscriber instanceof SafeSubscriber)) { // assign to `observer` so we return the protected version subscriber = new SafeSubscriber<T>(subscriber); } // The code below is exactly the same an unsafeSubscribe but not used because it would // add a significant depth to already huge call stacks. try { // allow the hook to intercept and/or decorate hook.onSubscribeStart(observable, observable.onSubscribe).call(subscriber); return hook.onSubscribeReturn(subscriber); } catch (Throwable e) { // special handling for certain Throwable/Error/Exception types Exceptions.throwIfFatal(e); // if an unhandled error occurs executing the onSubscribe we will propagate it try { subscriber.onError(hook.onSubscribeError(e)); } catch (Throwable e2) { Exceptions.throwIfFatal(e2); // if this happens it means the onError itself failed (perhaps an invalid function implementation) // so we are unable to propagate the error correctly and will just throw RuntimeException r = new RuntimeException("Error occurred attempting to subscribe [" + e.getMessage() + "] and then again while trying to pass to onError.", e2); // TODO could the hook be the cause of the error in the on error handling. hook.onSubscribeError(r); // TODO why aren't we throwing the hook's return value. throw r; } return Subscriptions.unsubscribed(); } }

可以看到,subscriber() 做了3件事:

  1. 调用 Subscriber.onStart() 。这个方法在前面已介绍过,是1个可选的准备方法。
  2. 调用 Observable 中的 OnSubscribe.call(Subscriber) 。在这里,事件发送的逻辑开始运行。从这也能够看出,在 RxJava 中, Observable 其实不是在创建的时候就立即开始发送事件,而是在它被定阅的时候,即当 subscribe() 方法履行的时候。
  3. 将传入的 Subscriber 作为 Subscription 返回。这是为了方便 unsubscribe().

全部进程中对象间的关系以下图:
这里写图片描述

除 subscribe(Observer) 和 subscribe(Subscriber) ,subscribe() 还支持不完全定义的回调,RxJava 会自动根据定义创建出 Subscriber 。情势以下:

Action1<String> onNextAction = new Action1<String>() { // onNext() @Override public void call(String s) { Log.d(tag, s); } }; Action1<Throwable> onErrorAction = new Action1<Throwable>() { // onError() @Override public void call(Throwable throwable) { // Error handling } }; Action0 onCompletedAction = new Action0() { // onCompleted() @Override public void call() { Log.d(tag, "completed"); } }; // 自动创建 Subscriber ,并使用 onNextAction 来定义 onNext() observable.subscribe(onNextAction); // 自动创建 Subscriber ,并使用 onNextAction 和 onErrorAction 来定义 onNext() 和 onError() observable.subscribe(onNextAction, onErrorAction); // 自动创建 Subscriber ,并使用 onNextAction、 onErrorAction 和 onCompletedAction 来定义 onNext()、 onError() 和 onCompleted() observable.subscribe(onNextAction, onErrorAction, onCompletedAction);

注:正如前面所提到的,Observer 和 Subscriber 具有相同的角色,而且 Observer 在 subscribe() 进程中终究会被转换成 Subscriber 对象,因此,从某种程度上来讲用 Subscriber 来代替 Observer ,这样会更加严谨。

根据目前的经验来看,Observer与Subscriber的主要区分在于onNext方法履行终了后是不是取消了定阅。

首先,我们分别定义mSubscriber 和 mObserver 。

以下代码:

protected Subscriber<D> mSubscriber = new Subscriber<D>() { @Override public void onCompleted() { executeOnLoadFinish(); } @Override public void onError(Throwable e) { TLog.error("onError " + e.toString()); executeOnLoadDataError(null); } @Override public void onNext(D d) { TLog.log("onNext " ); List<T> list = d; TLog.log("entity " + list.size()); executeOnLoadDataSuccess(list); TLog.log("onSuccess totalPage " + totalPage); } }; protected Observer<D> mObserver = new Observer<D>() { @Override public void onCompleted() { executeOnLoadFinish(); } @Override public void onError(Throwable e) { TLog.error("onError " + e.toString()); executeOnLoadDataError(null); } @Override public void onNext(D d) { TLog.log("onNext " ); List<T> list = d; TLog.log("entity " + list.size()); executeOnLoadDataSuccess(list); TLog.log("onSuccess totalPage " + totalPage); } };
observable.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) .map(new Func1<Response<D>,D>() { @Override public D call(Response<D> response) { if(response == null){ throw new ApiException(100); } totalPage = response.total; return response.result; } }) .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()) //.subscribe(mObserver); .subscribe(mSubscriber);

subscribe(mObserver)和subscribe(mSubscriber)履行结果就会有区分:

  • subscribe(mSubscriber)这类定阅方式在第2次要求数据时就不会履行了,缘由就是onCompleted后自动取消了定阅
    (详见文章:http://blog.csdn.net/jdsjlzx/article/details/51542003);
  • subscribe(mObserver)则不出现此问题。

提示:个人以为subscribe(mObserver)这个方式更合适分页加载。

请注意,如果你每次都使用subscribe(new Subscriber< T>() {})方式实现定阅,就不会出现上面的问题。

以下代码:

private void toSubscribe(Observable<Response<D>> observable) { observable.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) .map(new Func1<Response<D>,D>() { @Override public D call(Response<D> response) { if(response == null){ throw new ApiException(100); } totalPage = response.total; return response.result; } }) .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()) .subscribe(new Subscriber<D>() { @Override public void onCompleted() { executeOnLoadFinish(); } @Override public void onError(Throwable e) { TLog.error("onError " + e.toString()); executeOnLoadDataError(null); } @Override public void onNext(D d) { TLog.log("onNext " ); List<T> list = d; TLog.log("entity " + list.size()); executeOnLoadDataSuccess(list); TLog.log("onSuccess totalPage " + totalPage); } }); }

固然,这个方式实现分页加载也是可以的。至于哪一个更好,还需要再验证。

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