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伸展树 - 二叉搜索树的扩展2

来源:程序员人生   发布时间:2015-05-08 08:28:08 阅读次数:3095次

目录

    • 舒展树的介绍
    • 舒展树的C实现
      • 1 节点定义
      • 2 旋转
      • 3 舒展树的舒展
      • 4 搜索
      • 4 舒展树的插入和删除
    • 全部代码和参考资料

1. 舒展树的介绍

舒展树(splay tree)是1种搜索2叉树,它能在O(log n)内完成插入、查找和删除操作。
(1)舒展树满足搜索2叉树的性质,左子节点小于根节点,右子节点大于等于根节点。
(2)舒展树独有特点:当某个节点被访问时,舒展树会通过旋转使该节点成为树的根。

舒展树的动身点是这样的:斟酌到局部性原理(刚被访问的内容下次更大的可能仍会被访问)和28原则(80%的时间只会访问20%的节点),为了使全部查找时间更小,被查找频率高的节点应当常常处于靠近根的位置。
因而提出以下方案:在每次查找以后对树进行重构,把查找到的节点移到离树根更近些。舒展树应运而生,它是1种自调剂情势的2叉搜索树,它会沿着从某个节点到树根的路径,通过1系列的旋转把这个节点搬到树根上去。
因此相对“2叉搜索树”和“AVL树”,对舒展树重点关注如何旋转的

2. 舒展树的C实现

以下舒展树的实现思想来源于2叉搜索树的根插法(先插入节点到叶子,然后递归旋转到根),我们将查找到的节点旋转到根,等价于将被查找节点插入到根部:

2.1 节点定义

typedef SplayTreeNode* SplayTree; struct SplayTreeNode { Item key; SplayTree left; SplayTree right; };

舒展树不需要记录额外甚么值(如AVL的高度)来保护树的信息,节省了内存。

2.2 旋转

引入两种基本的旋转:左旋和右旋
- 当被查找节点在根节点的左子树上时,以根为轴,右旋,将该节点提升到根上

//右旋--k2是根,k1是k2的左子树,将k1旋转成根 -- 以k2为原点向右旋 SplayTree rotR(SplayTree k2) { SplayTree k1 = k2->left; k2->left = k1->right; k1->right = k2; return k1; }
  • 当被查找节点在根节点的右子树上时,以根为轴,左旋,将该节点提升到根上
//左旋---k2是根,k1是k2的右子树,(k1的右子树非空)将k1旋转成根 -- 以k2为原点向左旋 SplayTree rotL(SplayTree k2) { SplayTree k1 = k2->right; k2->right = k1->left; k1->left = k2; return k1; }

2.3 舒展树的舒展


<注>该算法实现没有经过严格的验证,自创;
如有疑问可参考经典算法:
舒展树(1)之 图文解析 和 C语言的实现:http://www.cnblogs.com/skywang12345/p/3604238.html

设被查找节点为 x , 当查找到 x 的先驱节点时:
(1) x 在当前根的左边,那末右旋,将和 x 接近的节点向上提升1步;
(2) x 在当前根的右边,那末左旋,将和 x 接近的节点向上提升1步;
(3) x 的值等于当前根的值,查找结束,在上述两步递归进程中完成旋转;
先驱节点不存在时,查找结束。

递归实现进程是自底向上的,当查找节点命中后,以它的父节点为轴旋转,提升查找节点为根;向上递归,在根与查找节点的路径每步都旋转1次,直至原树根。

//舒展进程:将key对应的节点舒展到根上,并返回根节点 SplayTree Splay(SplayTree tree, Item key) { if (tree == NULL) return tree; if (key == tree->key) //命中 return tree; if (key < tree->key) { //左边 if (tree->left == NULL) return tree; tree->left = Splay(tree->left, key); tree = rotR(tree); } else { //右边 if (tree->right == NULL) return tree; tree->right = Splay(tree->right, key); tree = rotL(tree); } return tree; }

2.4 搜索

SplayTree SplayTreeSearch(SplayTree tree, Item key) { if (tree == NULL || tree->key == key) return tree; if (key < tree->key) return SplayTreeSearch(tree->left, key); else return SplayTreeSearch(tree->right, key); }

2.4 舒展树的插入和删除

(1)插入:和搜索2叉树的插入相同,省略

(2)删除: 删除舒展树中键值为key的节点。
先在舒展树中查找键值为key的节点:如果没找到,则直接返回;如果找到的话则将该节点旋转成根节点,然后在删除该节点,然后将该节点的两个子树连接到1起(根节点选用和key邻近的节点);

/* *删除舒展树中键值为key的节点 *参数说明: * tree: 根节点 * key: 待删除节点的键值 *返回: * 根节点 */ SplayTree SplayTreeDelete(SplayTree tree, Item key) { SplayTree x = NULL; if (tree == NULL) return tree; tree = Splay(tree, key); if (tree == NULL) return tree; if (tree->left != NULL) { //将根的左边,邻近key的节点旋转成根 x = Splay(tree->left, key); x->right = tree->right; } else { //tree->left == NULL x = tree->right; } delete tree; return x; }

3. 全部代码和参考资料

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define MAX(A, B) ((A > B) ? A : B) typedef int Item; typedef struct SplayTreeNode SplayTreeNode; typedef SplayTreeNode* SplayTree; struct SplayTreeNode { Item key; SplayTree left; SplayTree right; }; static int g_error = 0; //毛病代码 SplayTree NewNode(Item key, SplayTree left, SplayTree right) { SplayTree x = (SplayTree)malloc(sizeof(*x)); if (x == NULL) { g_error = 1; exit(-1); } x->key = key; x->left = left; x->right = right; return x; } SplayTree SplayTreeInit() { return NewNode(10, NULL, NULL); } //左旋---k2是根,k1是k2的右子树,(k1的右子树非空)将k1旋转成根 -- 以k2为原点向左旋 SplayTree rotL(SplayTree k2) { SplayTree k1 = k2->right; k2->right = k1->left; k1->left = k2; return k1; } //右旋--k2是根,k1是k2的左子树,将k1旋转成根 -- 以k2为原点向右旋 SplayTree rotR(SplayTree k2) { SplayTree k1 = k2->left; k2->left = k1->right; k1->right = k2; return k1; } SplayTree Splay(SplayTree tree, Item key) { if (tree == NULL) return tree; if (key == tree->key) return tree; if (key < tree->key) { //左边 if (tree->left == NULL) return tree; tree->left = Splay(tree->left, key); tree = rotR(tree); } else { //右边 if (tree->right == NULL) return tree; tree->right = Splay(tree->right, key); tree = rotL(tree); } return tree; } SplayTree SplayTreeSearch(SplayTree tree, Item key) { if (tree == NULL || tree->key == key) return tree; if (key < tree->key) return SplayTreeSearch(tree->left, key); else return SplayTreeSearch(tree->right, key); } SplayTree SplayTreeInsert(SplayTree tree, Item key) { if (tree == NULL) return NewNode(key, NULL, NULL); if(key < tree->key) tree->left = SplayTreeInsert(tree->left, key); else tree->right = SplayTreeInsert(tree->right, key); return tree; } void traversal(SplayTree tree) { if (tree == NULL) { printf("NIL "); return; } printf("%d ", tree->key); traversal(tree->left); traversal(tree->right); return; } SplayTree SplayTreeDelete(SplayTree tree, Item key) { SplayTree x = NULL; if (tree == NULL) return tree; tree = Splay(tree, key); if (tree == NULL) return tree; if (tree->left != NULL) { x = Splay(tree->left, key); x->right = tree->right; } else { //tree->left == NULL x = tree->right; } delete tree; return x; } int main() { SplayTree splay_tree = NULL; //for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { // int key = rand()%100; // splay_tree = SplayTreeInsert(splay_tree, key); // printf("%d ", key); //} splay_tree = SplayTreeInsert(splay_tree, 1); splay_tree = SplayTreeInsert(splay_tree, 5); splay_tree = SplayTreeInsert(splay_tree, 4); splay_tree = SplayTreeInsert(splay_tree, 2); splay_tree = SplayTreeInsert(splay_tree, 6); printf(" Traversal "); traversal(splay_tree); splay_tree = Splay(splay_tree, 6); splay_tree = SplayTreeDelete(splay_tree, 4); printf(" Deleted Traversal "); traversal(splay_tree); getchar(); }

参考资料:
舒展树-维基百科:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%B8%E5%B1%95%E6%A0%91
舒展树(1)之 图文解析 和 C语言的实现:http://www.cnblogs.com/skywang12345/p/3604238.html
2叉搜索树的实现:http://blog.csdn.net/quzhongxin/article/details/45038399

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